Atlas - Gross Brain
- Neuroanatomy - excellent collection of videos, sections, models, and 3D reconstructions and scans of brain components (University of British Columbia School of Medicine)
- Atlas of Coronal Sections - Gross images, stained sections, CT, MRI, angiograms: interactive images for structure identification. This is an one of the best sites for reviewing images in many different formats. (Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Univ)
- Unstained Gross Sections of the Head - Collection of axial sections labeled for structure identification. (from the Anatomy Atlases collection by Ronald Bergman, PhD)
- Unstained Gross Brain - external brain anatomy and unstained sagittal, coronal, and transverse sections of the hemispheres. Structures are labeled for identification. (Univ of Utah collection)
- The Digital Anatomist - 2D and 3D images and animations of the brain. It contains gross specimens, dissected specimens, stained sections, MRIs, and blood vessels. However, the most unique aspect of this site is the collection of 3D reconstructions and animations that were made from human digitized brain sections. (from the Dept. of Biological Structure at the Univ. of Washington)
- 3D Brain - an interactive 3D brain model that you can rotate to visualize internal structures through transparent hemispheres. (from the Society for Neuroscience).
- Peripheral Nerve Territories - A nice graphical demo on cutaneous fields of peripheral nerves.
- A Gallery of Mammalian Brains - This excellent site contains a large picture collection of mammalian brains showing comparative features of their cerebral hemispheres and much more information.
- Whole Brain Atlas: This is a GREAT site from Harvard. It has an MRI atlas that simultaneously shows horizontal, sagittal, and coronal sections that can be set all at the same level. You can display any level of the hemispheres, brainstem, and even some spinal cord using different MRI weighting (T1 or T2) and PET too. There's lots of pathological information also.
- The Digital Anatomist at the University of Washington contains a complete MRI atlas in horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes and movies that show the transition between all sections in each orientation.
- An MRI atlas at Michigan State University contains complete horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes that show MRIs, Nissl-stained, and Weigert-stained sections. It also has virtual reality 3D movies of the brain within the skull.
- Compare Gross-MRI-CT images at the same level on this site from the Loyola University Medical Education Network (LUMEN).
- MRI Explained and how it was invented.
- Understanding CT Perfusion imaging.
- This site at Loyola Medical School contains a great tutorial on cerebral blood vessels. It has colored diagrams showing the distribution of each vessel, text describing the territories covered, and the effects of occlusion.
- neuroangio.org - contains a wealth of angiographic information on cerebral and spinal blood vessels.
- Clinical Neurology - by Michael J. Aminoff, Robert R. Simon, David Greenberg, 6th Edition, 2005, McGraw Hill. Excellent reference for clinical neurology topics. This is the book used for your Neurology clerkship at UB.
- Medical Neuroscience Online - a complete online text from the Univ. of Texas School of Medicine at Houston discussing neurons (cellular properties, metabolism, synapses), sensory systems, motor systems, hypothalamus/ANS, memory, limbic system, dementia, and more. Illustrated with beautiful graphics and animations. If you want to read-up on topics for understanding without buying a textbook, this is the place to do it.
- Nerve Cell Biology - online chapter from Molecular Biology of the Cell by Alberts et al. Discussion of ion channels, nerve conduction, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter receptors, summation at synapses, long term potentiation, and more.
- Introductory Textbook of Psychiatry - by Donald W. Black and Nancy C. Andreasen, 6th edition (2014).
- DSM-V - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition.
- University of New South Wales has an embryology page with lots of pictures and movies of embryogenesis and neurulation.
- This UCLA site by Dr. Patricia Phelps has excellent animations of CNS development. The animations, 1) Neurulation and 2) Nervous System folding, show the process of CNS development in exceptional clarity. The site now requires a simple, free log-in to document the educational value of the animations.
- Compendium of Fetal MRIs at Harvard Medical School contains images of normal and pathological specimens showing spinal chord and brain defects.
- The Virtual Pediatric' Hospital contains characteristics of many pediatric neurological disorders.
- This site at the University of Minnesota contains excellent histological pictures of neurons, synapses, glia, PNS, CNS, and meninges.
- Histology World
- Videos - This fantastic site at the University of Utah, contains videos that demonstrate the complete adult as well as the pediatric neurological exam in detail. It covers the exams for mental status, cranial nerves, sensory systems, motor systems, coordination, and gait. It also demonstrates abnormal findings in patients. (Thanks to Kinnar Bhavsar, class of 2007.)
- Videos - This site by Hal Blumenfeld, MD, PhD, author of Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, contains videos that demonstrate the complete neurological exam. It requires Real Player to view the videos.
- Videos - videos of the neurology exam from Stanford School of Medicine. Many other aspects of the physical exam including organ-specific examination are also presented.
- Videos - This site at the University of Toronto contains videos of the normal neurological exam (cranial nerves, sensory and motor systems, stance and gait).
- All about HEADACHES. This site has information about migraine, tension, cluster, and trigeminal neuralgia headaches. A unique aspect is its videos that show how a neurologist (M. Mumenthaler) takes medical histories of patients complaining of headache.
- All about Lumbar Puncture. Watch an excellent VIDEO about performing the lumbar puncture on a patient. This training video from the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrates ALL aspects of the procedure and it discusses other relevant information.
- Excellent sites with complete Neuropathology Online Atlases containing gross, microscopic, and CT/MRI images of hemorrhage, infarcts, herniation, infections, congenital malformations, degenerative diseases, dementia, and tumors:
- Online Text - the site from Northeast Ohio College of Medicine contains a section organized like a neuropathology textbook supplemented with images and essential information and a section for practice testing on each area of neuropathology.
- Neuropathology library of images - from the digital collection at the Eccles Health Science Library at the University of Utah. This site contains a complete neuropathology atlas with gross and microscopic images along with descriptive text. It also contains an atlas of general and systemic pathology. (Thanks to Vandana Minnal, class of 2009)
- Pathology Outlines - comprehensive collection of gross, microscopic, and radiological images of neuropathology. Includes case questions and answers.
- LibrePathology - A wiki devoted to Pathology. It contains mostly text information, but it cover many topics.
- Web Pathology - Contains mostly information on CNS tumor pathology.
- University of Michigan Medical School - a great selection of Neuropathology cases containing patient descriptions, histological images, and explanations. Normal CNS histology is also available on the site.
- A HUGE list of more than 400 cases involving neuropathology as well as systemic pathology from the University of Pittsburgh. Each case is a separate patient presentation with history, histological images, and diagnosis.
- Practice cases and questions are available from the Duke University School of Medicine.
- This site at the University of Toronto has excellent animations of many physiological processes including resting and action potentials, ion channels, and synaptic events.
- NeuroImaging and cases MRI and CT imaging of the CNS including case presentations and flash cards for review.
- NeuroImaging and cases includes wealth of information on CNS imaging and cases involving tumors, stroke, hemorrhage, brain trauma, MS, hydrocephalus, and more.
- The Digital Anatomist site at the University of Washington contains a Neuroanatomy Interactive Syllabus. It has images and animations that illustrate sensory and motor pathways in 3D.
- General information on neuroanatomy from Duke University.
- A great collection of 48 clinical cases from Temple University. Multiple cases are presented of deficits at each CNS level including spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebellum/basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. After a case is presented, you select the appropriate level/cross-section showing a shaded area of lesion. Answers are provided with explanations. This is a great review of systems, levels, and localization! The site also contains a wealth of information including atlases, pathway diagrams, development and other topics. Check out the menu at the top of the page. (Thanks to Kinnar Bhavsar class of 2007 for finding this link.)
- Clinical cases that take you through the process of problem solving from the University of Utah. Each case presentation takes you through a logical series of steps including case history, neurologic exam findings, list of abnormal findings, localizing the level of lesion, identifying damaged structures, and finally, case discussion. The neurological exam findings are shown as patient videos.
- Neuroradiology cases over 400 cases involving Brain, Head and Neck, and Spine.
- Interactive Cadaver - 18 Neurology cases are presented that provide histories, a diagramatic cadaver in which you can select any body area to see the pathology findings of the autopsy on each patient, and a question about the cause of death (with feedback).
- More than 200 cases are described with neurological symptoms and MRIs of the patients. Diagnosis is given at the bottom of the page.
- Large assortment of questions asking what the deficits are for lesions at specific locations of the CNS.
- Neurpathology - extensive set of questions covering all pathology topics.
- This page has a great animation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
- This site has excellent information on testing the vestibular system (caloric testing, Barany chair, Dix-Hallpike, Epley maneuver) including patient videos.
- This is a great site that interactively demonstrates the function of each eye muscle. Watch the eyes follow the cursor as you move your mouse from one side to the other! It also demonstrates the pupillary constriction reflex. WOW - one of the best med animation tutorials on the web!!!
- This is an excellent interactive animation on Testing Extraocular Muscles in the context of the clinical eye exam.
- Lots of information on the Anatomy and Physiology of the visual system.
- This site at the University of Toronto has a great video explaining accommodation.
- Many of us find it difficult to concentrate on subjects that are important to us. For some it's a perpetual problem and for others it may arise periodically as things in life change. Here are some things you can do to help you pay attention to things that are important to you:
- Get adequate sleep - a major cause of inattentiveness is tiredness. If you are dosing off while listening to something, you won't be paying attention and your brain won't be encoding that information into memory.
- Incorporate exercise into your life - exercise increases blood flow to the brain and stimulates brain activities especially those involved in memory formation.
- Try to eliminate distractions in your life - Social activities involving family and friends can create emotional situations that occupy our thinking for long periods of time. Physical situations like noise, voices, room temperature, and hunger can make it difficult for us to focus on our activities. Try to eliminate these distractions before you begin a focused activity.
- Use meditation to improve your ability to concentrate - meditation can relieve stress and help our minds and bodies attend to the things we need. There are many forms of meditation and each of them helps our brains deal better with the complicated lives that we lead.
- Plan breaks into your study time - It will be easier to commit to study periods if you make them shorter. Planning to take short breaks during longer study periods will allow you to relax from periods of intense focus and will allow you to introduce some brief, fun activities into your study schedule.
- Realize what you find interesting in the subject - You will be motivated to study if you find the material interesting. Find ways to relate what you are learning to your own interests.
- Promote a positive mood - Depressed mood can affect concentration in many negative ways. It can lessen interest in things you normally enjoy, decrease your energy, increase tiredness, decrease your ability to concentrate, and slow mental processes. If you feel like you are depressed, mental health professionals can help relieve depression and get you back to a positive, healthful mood.
- Here are some web sites that provide more suggestions about how to improve your attention:
- https://www.wikihow.com/Pay-Attention
- https://www.fastcompany.com/3050123/8-ways-to-improve-your-focus
- https://ferris.edu/HTMLS/colleges/university/eccc/tools/focusing-attention.htm
- https://sharpbrains.com/blog/2007/03/01/how-can-i-improve-my-concentration-and-my-memory/
- Neuroscience Resource Guide - an extensive guide to general neuroscience information, brain pictures, neuroscience databases, journals, educational sites with neuro-animations and demonstrations, laboratories and centers at universities, and neuroscience societies and blogs.
- Neurosciences on the Internet - links to neuroscience journals, search engines for neuroscience information, NIH resources, Visible Human Project, and more.
- Neuroscience Programs at universities worldwide are listed.